Kurinda imirabyo mu gihe cy'imvura no kuyirinda gukwirakwiza ingufu

"Hari saa tatu za mu gitondo, maze ikigo cya gisirikare kijya kwira cyane mu buryo butunguranye, imashini zose zigafunga kandi impumuro yoroheje ituruka mu gasanduku k’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga——" Ibi ni ibyabayeho kuri Bwana Ahmad, umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikorwa n’imicungire y’uruganda rw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga i Penang, muri Maleziya. Mu cyumweru gishize, inkuba ikomeye yibasiye ako gace. Bitewe n’uko inkuba zitari zihagije ku buryo bwo kurinda amashanyarazi y’uruganda, ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikomoka ku nkuba zinjiye mu miyoboro maze zica burundu icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi cy’ikigo, bituma umusaruro uhagarara amasaha arenga 8 ku ruganda rwose. Ibi ntibyateje igihombo cya hafi MYR 55.000 gusa, ahubwo byateje n’amafaranga y’inyongera MYR 13.000 yo gusimbuza icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi no kugenzura imiyoboro. Mu gihe cy’imvura, inkuba zikunze kubaho. Nk’"umwicanyi utagaragara" w’uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, inkuba zikunze gutera amakosa nko kwangirika kw’icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi, imiyoboro migufi y’amashanyarazi, no gutwika ibikoresho, ndetse bishobora no guteza impanuka z’umutekano nko gutwika n’amashanyarazi. Ku bintu bitandukanye nko mu nganda, inyubako z'ibiro, pariki, n'ibigo bishya by'amashanyarazi, gukora akazi keza mu kurinda inkuba no gukwirakwiza ingufu mu gihe cy'imvura, cyane cyane kurinda inkuba ibikoresho by'ingenzi nka circuit breakers, ntabwo bikiri "igikorwa cy'ubushake", ahubwo ni "ikibazo kigomba gusubiza" kugira ngo habeho imikorere isanzwe y'umusaruro n'ubuzima no kwirinda igihombo cy'imitungo.

Ingingo nyamukuru yo kurinda inkuba mu gihe cy'imvura ni: inkuba igira imiterere itandukanye yo kwangiza (gukubita inkuba mu buryo butaziguye, gukubita inkuba bitewe n'inkuba, kwinjira mu muraba w'imirasire y'inkuba) kandi ihita isenya cyane. Muri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ingufu, ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi, nk' "abarinzi b'umutekano" b'imirongo n'ibikoresho, ntabwo ari ingenzi mu kurinda inkuba gusa ahubwo ni kimwe mu bikoresho bishobora kwangirika cyane mu gukubita inkuba. Ibigo byinshi bikunze kugira ubwumvikane buke, bigatuma kurinda inkuba binanirwa kandi bigatera kwangirika kw'ibikoresho n'igihombo mu bukungu. Mu by'ukuri, kurinda inkuba mu gukwirakwiza ingufu mu gihe cy'imvura ni umushinga ukorwa mu buryo buhamye, wibanda ku mahame atatu y'ingenzi ya "gufata, gukurura no kurinda". Ingingo eshatu z'ingenzi cyane ni izi zikurikira, zirambuye hamwe n'ibintu byihariye kugira ngo bigufashe gusobanukirwa vuba uburyo bw'ingenzi:

Ingingo y'ingenzi ya 1: Hitamo icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi gikwiye kugira ngo wubake "umurongo wa mbere w'ubwirinzi" bwo kurinda ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi

Nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi birinda amashanyarazi, imikorere yo kurinda inkuba y'ibyuma bigabanya amashanyarazi bigena neza ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi mu guhangana n'inkuba. Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi menshi bituruka ku nkuba mu gihe cy'imvura bishobora gusenya byoroshye urwego rw'amashanyarazi asanzwe agabanya amashanyarazi, bigatera kwangirika nabi, kwangirika kw'ibyuma bigabanya amashanyarazi, ndetse n'imirongo migufi. Kubwibyo, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kurinda amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'imvura ni uguhitamo ibikoresho byihariye bigabanya amashanyarazi bifite imikorere yo kurinda inkuba hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gace, aho guhitamo ibikoresho bisanzwe bigabanya amashanyarazi. Nyamuneka witondere ingingo 2 zikurikira:

1.Guhitamo neza kugira ngo bihuze n'imiterere:Utwuma dukoresha amashanyarazi turinzwe n'inkuba ntabwo "dukwiranye n'ibintu byose" kandi tugomba gutoranywa hashingiwe ku bipimo bibiri by'ingenzi:

① Urugero rw'amashanyarazi: Huza ingufu z'amashanyarazi zisanzwe kugira ngo wirinde kurenza urugero cyangwa uburinzi budahagije;

② Ubukana bw'ibikorwa by'inkuba: Ku duce dufite inkuba zikunze kugaragara (nk'uturere two ku nkombe n'imisozi yo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya), shyira imbere ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira impanuka ≥20kA. Ibikoresho byo hanze bigomba kandi kuzuza urwego rwo kurinda rwa IP54 cyangwa hejuru kugira ngo birwanye ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushuhe bwinshi n'isuri y'imvura.

2.Umurimo uhujwe, ni ngombwa:Utwuma dukingira imirasire y'amashanyarazi dukingiwe n'inkuba tugomba gukorana na Surge Protective Devices (SPD) kugira ngo twongere ingaruka zo kurinda imirasire y'amashanyarazi - SPD ifite inshingano zo gukumira ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihita ziyongera mu murongo (zishobora gukumira hejuru ya 80% by'imirasire y'amashanyarazi iterwa n'inkuba), kandi utwuma ducira imirasire y'amashanyarazi dufite inshingano zo guca umurongo vuba mu masegonda 0.1 iyo umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ari munini cyane, kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa ya kabiri yangiza amashanyarazi bitewe n'ibyangiritse bya SPD.

Huza n'ingero nyazo z'inganda zo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya kugira ngo wumve neza akamaro ko guhitamo:

-Urugero rw'aho inganda ziherereye muri Penang, muri Maleziya: Pariki y'inganda yari yarahuye n'ibibazo byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi kenshi mu gihe cy'imvura mbere yaho. Nyuma y'inkuba, abarenga 60% by'inganda zahuye n'ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi ndetse n'ibikoresho byangiritse. Abashinzwe ibikorwa n'ubuvuzi basanze ibyangiritse byose byari ibyuma bisanzwe bigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi make, aho insinga zabyo zangiritse bitewe n'amashanyarazi aturuka ku nkuba. Buri gikorwa cyo gusana no gusimbuza byatwaye iminsi 1-2, kandi igihombo cy'umusaruro wa buri munsi kuri buri ruganda cyari hafi MYR 8.000. Mbere y'uko igihe cy'imvura cya 2025 kigera, pariki y'inganda yarangije kuvugurura ibintu 3: ① Ibikoresho byatoranijwe byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi bidashobora gukwirakwira mu nkuba (MCCB) hakurikijwe uko uruganda rubigaragaza; ② Hashyizweho SPD ikwiye mu gasanduku ko gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kuyahuza; ③ Hashyizweho ibikoresho bikingira imvura ku bikoresho bigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi byo hanze. Nyuma yo kuvugurura, pariki y'inganda yahuye n'inkuba 8 zikomeye, kandi nta kindi kintu cyangiritse cyangwa ngo ibikoresho bishire. Habayeho impanuka imwe gusa ako kanya, yasubiwemo mu minota 10, nta gihombo cyatewe n'umusaruro.

-Inyongera Icyibutso cyo guhitamo(Huza neza ibintu bitandukanye kandi wirinde ingorane zo guhitamo):

✅ Imiterere yo hanze(sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic, ibyumba byo gukwirakwizamo umuriro hanze, imiyoboro y'inganda zo hanze): Shyira imbere ibyuma bikingira amashanyarazi birindwa n'inkuba bifite urwego rwa IP54 cyangwa hejuru yabyo kandi bishobore kwihanganira imbaraga ≥20kA, bishobora kurwanya imvura n'umukungugu byinjira kandi bigahura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy'imvura mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.

✅ Imiterere y'ahantu ho mu nzu(inyubako z'ibiro, inyubako z'ibiro, inganda nto): Utwuma dusanzwe tw’amashanyarazi turinzwe n’inkuba dushobora gutoranywa, ariko ni ngombwa kwemeza ko duhuye na SPD (voltage ya SPD igomba kuba ihuye na voltage ya voltage ya circuit breaker) kugira ngo hirindwe ko uburinzi bushobora kwangirika bitewe no guhitamo nabi.

Ingingo y'ingenzi ya 2: Menya neza ko ibikoresho birinda inkuba bihuzwa kugira ngo wirinde akaga gahishe ko "kurindwa ahantu hamwe"

Ubusanzwe abantu badasobanukiwe neza uburyo inkuba zirinda imirabyo mu bigo byinshi ni "uburinzi bw'ingingo imwe" - gushyiraho inkoni z'inkuba gusa cyangwa gusimbuza gusa ibikoresho bikingira imirabyo birinzwe n'inkuba, ariko bakirengagiza uburyo ibikoresho birinda imirabyo bifatanya, ibyo bigatuma uburinzi bunanirwa. Mu by'ukuri, uburinzi bw'inkuba mu gihe cy'imvura bugomba gushyiraho uburyo bwuzuye bwo "gufata hanze, guhindukira imbere, no kurinda iherezo", bushobora kugabanywamo by'umwihariko intambwe 3 z'ingenzi, mu gihe hirindwa ibyago bibiri by'ingenzi byihishe:

1.Hubaka Sisitemu Yose Yo Kurinda Inkuba:Sobanura isano iri hagati y’imirongo ine y’ingenzi, nta na kimwe muri byo gishobora kubura. Gufata inyuma: Gufata imirabyo inyura mu nkoni z’imirabyo/imirongo y’imirabyo hanyuma ikazana imirabyo mu butaka;

2. Guhindura imiterere y'imbere: Gufata inkuba ziterwa n'inkuba no kwinjira kw'imiraba y'inkuba muri SPD ku murongo;

3. Uburinzi bwa Terminal: Imashini igabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ihujwe na SPD kugira ngo ihagarike vuba umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ukabije kandi irinde ibikoresho n'imiyoboro;

4. Guhindura imirasire y'ubutaka: Kohereza umuraba w'inkuba ku butaka vuba unyuze muri sisitemu yemewe yo gusiga imirasire y'ubutaka kugira ngo wirinde ko umuraba ugumana.

5.Irinde akaga 2 gahishe gakunze kwihuta cyane(Byoroshye kwirengagizwa ariko bishobora gutera amakosa). Ubudahangarwa bukabije bwo hasi: Ibisobanuro bisaba ko ubudahangarwa bw'inganda ≤4Ω, n'ubw'inyubako z'ibiro n'amazu ≤10Ω; niba ubudahangarwa bukabije bwo hasi (nk'uburenze 10Ω), umuraba w'amashanyarazi ntushobora guhindurirwa vuba, bikazanyura mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amategeko mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi no gusenya ibikoresho n'ibikoresho.

6. Kunanirwa k'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi: Iyo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi udahujwe na SPD, nyuma yuko SPD ifashe umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, ntabwo ishobora gukata umurongo mu gihe, ibyo bigatuma SPD icika intege hanyuma bigatuma umurongo uhagarara neza ndetse n'igihombo cyaguka.

Huza n'ibintu bigaragara muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba kugira ngo urebe uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byihishe byo kurinda inkuba binyuze mu kunoza uburyo bwo guhuza:

-Urugero rw'uruganda rutunganya ibice by'imodoka i Jakarta, muri Indoneziya: Uruganda rufite ibikoresho byinshi by’ubuhanga nka moteri na inverters, bikunze kwangirika cyane mu gihe cy’inkuba. Mbere yaho, bitewe no kwirengagiza uburyo inkuba zirinda imbere y’ibikoresho, inverters 3 zatwitswe n’inkuba mu gihe cy’imvura, igihombo cyazo kirenga MYR 100.000. Nyuma, hakozwe uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere: gushyiraho SPD yihariye imbere y’ibikoresho, ihuzwa n’udukingirizo duto tw’amashanyarazi turinzwe n’inkuba kugira ngo hagerwe ku "burinzi bw’urwego n’uburinzi bw’ukuri". Nyuma y’impinduka, nta kindi gikoresho cy’ubuhanga cyabayeho.

Byongeye kandi, ku nganda, ibikoresho nka moteri, inverters, n'ibikoresho by'ubuhanga birushaho kwitabwaho n'inkuba. Uretse gukora akazi keza mu kurinda inkuba ku ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu nini n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu nto, ni ngombwa kandi gushyiraho SPD yihariye ku mpera y'imbere y'ibikoresho, ihujwe n'udukingirizo duto tw'amashanyarazi turinzwe n'inkuba kugira ngo "tubone uburinzi n'uburinzi buhamye", kugira ngo hirindwe ko inkuba zinjira mu mirongo y'ibikoresho zikanatwika ibikoresho by'ubuhanga.

Ingingo y'ingenzi ya 3: Igenzura rya buri munsi no kubungabunga kugira ngo hakorwe umuti w'ibibazo birinda inkuba.

Inkuba zikunze kubaho mu gihe cy'imvura. Kurinda inkuba kuri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ntibisaba gusa "guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye no gukora akazi keza mu guhuza", ahubwo bisaba no "gusuzuma buri munsi no gukemura ibibazo mbere y'igihe" - nk'uko imibare ibigaragaza, ibirenga 60% by'amakosa yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'imvura ntibiterwa no guhitamo ibikoresho nabi, ahubwo biterwa no kudakora neza kwa buri munsi, bigatuma ibikoresho birinda imirabyo binanirwa no kugabanuka k'imikorere y'ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi. Cyane cyane mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe cy'imvura mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, biroroshye cyane guteza oxidation y'ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, gusaza kw'ibikoresho byo gukingira, kugabanuka k'imikorere ya SPD, no kurekura sisitemu yo gufunga amashanyarazi.Hari ingingo 3 z'ingenzi zo kugenzura no kubungabunga buri munsi, birambuye hamwe n'imanza zihariye:

1.Igenzura ry'Umuvuduko w'Umuyaga (Rimwe mu Cyumweru, Igenzura ryinyongera Nyuma y'Inkuba) 

Igenzura ry'ingenzi: Niba urwego rw'ubushyuhe rwangiritse, niba aho ibintu bihurira hari ogisijeni, ndetse niba uburyo bwo gucikamo bushobora kwangirika, kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bidakora neza biterwa no gucikamo no kugabanuka nabi kw'ibintu.

✅ Urugero rw'Icyitegererezo: Uruganda rw'imyenda rwo muri Penang, muri Maleziya, rwigeze kugira ikibazo aho icyuma gihagarika uruziga kitashoboraga kongera gukoreshwa nyuma yo kugwa nabi mu gihe cy'imvura. Iperereza ryagaragaje ko aho icyuma gihagarika uruziga cyagize ogisijeni nyinshi bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi. Buri kosa ryatumye umusaruro uhagarara isaha 1, hagatakaza hafi MYR 1.200. Nyuma, hashyizweho uburyo bwo kugenzura kugira ngo hasukurwe ivumbi rihuza uruziga, harebwe aho icyuma gikingira buri cyumweru, kandi hagasimbuzwa ibice bishaje mu gihe runaka, bityo bigakuraho burundu amakosa nk'ayo.

2.Igenzura rya SPD (Rimwe mu mezi atandatu)

Igenzura ry'ingenzi: Reba uko urumuri rw'ikimenyetso ruhagaze (icyatsi kibisi = bisanzwe, umutuku = gutsindwa), gerageza buri gihe imikorere, hanyuma uhite urusimbuza iyo runaniwe, kugira ngo wirinde gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gufata umuvuduko bitewe n'uko SPD yananiwe.

3.Igenzura rya sisitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka (Rimwe mu kwezi, Rimwe mu minsi 10 mu gihe cy'imvura) 

Igenzura ry'ingenzi: Niba electrode yo hasi ifunguye cyangwa yangiritse, pima buri gihe ubushobozi bwo kuyirinda kugira ngo urebe ko yujuje ibisabwa (inganda ≤4Ω, inyubako z'ibiro n'amazu ≤10Ω). Mu gihe cy'imvura, ubushuhe bw'ubutaka buba buri hejuru, bityo ni ngombwa kuvugurura no kunoza igihe kugira ngo wirinde kwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwo kuyirinda.

Icya kabiri, reba uko SPD ihagaze, urebe niba itara ryerekana ko ari risanzwe (icyatsi kibisi kigaragara nk'icyatsi kibisi, umutuku kigaragara nk'icyangiritse), suzuma buri gihe imikorere ya SPD, uyigerageze rimwe mu mezi atandatu mu gihe cy'imvura, hanyuma uyisimbuze ako kanya niba yananiwe. Isoko rinini ryagize inkuba yinjira mu murongo bitewe n'uko SPD yananiwe mu gihe cy'imvura, bituma icyuma gica amashanyarazi gicika burundu mu masaha 4, gitakaza hafi 30.000 RMB. Nyuma y'ibyabaye, byagaragaye ko SPD yari imaze igihe kinini idakora ariko itaraboneka kandi yasimbuwe mu gihe, biba ikibazo cy'umutekano.

Icya gatatu, genzura sisitemu yo gufunga ubutaka, urebe niba electrode yo gufunga ubutaka ifunguye cyangwa yangiritse, pima buri gihe uburyo bwo gufunga ubutaka kugira ngo urebe ko yujuje ibisabwa (inganda ≤4Ω, inyubako z'ibiro n'amazu ≤10Ω). Mu gihe cy'imvura, ubushuhe bw'ubutaka buba buri hejuru, byoroshye gutuma ubushuhe bw'ubutaka bwiyongera, bityo ni ngombwa guhindura no kunoza igihe. Icyumba cyo gukwirakwiza hanze muri pariki y'inganda cyari gifite electrode zo gufunga ubutaka zifunguye mu gihe cy'imvura, kandi ubushuhe bw'ubutaka bwazamutse bugera kuri 12Ω. Nyuma y'inkuba, umuraba w'inkuba ntiwashoboraga guhindurirwa vuba, uca icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi na SPD mu cyumba cyo gukwirakwiza amazi, hamwe n'ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga kirenga 15.000 RMB. Nyuma, sisitemu yo gufunga ubutaka yagenzuwe buri gihe, electrode yo gufunga ubutaka yafashwe ku buryo buhamye mu gihe, kandi ibikoresho byo gufunga ubutaka byongerewe kugira ngo urebe ko ubushuhe bw'ubutaka buri mu rugero ruhamye.